Differences in Insomnia Symptoms between Immigrants and Non-Immigrants in Switzerland attributed to Emotional Distress: Analysis of the Swiss Health Survey

Author(s): Andres R. SCHNEEBERGER, Azizi SEIXAS, Nina SCHWEINFURTH, Undine E. LANG, Christian CAJOCHEN, Donald A. BUX, Shannique RICHARDS, Girardin JEAN-LOUIS, Christian G. HUBER

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020289

Abstract

Migration can be a stressful experience and may lead to poor health and behavioral changes. The immigrant population in Switzerland is disproportionately burdened by several negative health outcomes, chief among these is mental health issues. The aim of the study was to investigate whether sleep disturbances are more prevalent among immigrants compared to non-immigrants and whether emotional distress might explain sleep differences. Based on the Swiss Health Survey 2012 dataset, we analyzed the data of 17,968 people, of which 3406 respondents were immigrants. We examined variables including insomnia symptoms, emotional distress and clinical and socio-demographic data using unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear models. Compared to non-immigrants, immigrants suffer significantly more often from insomnia symptoms. Immigrants also endured higher levels of emotional distress. Higher values of emotional distress are related to other symptoms of sleep disorders. Immigrants with emotional distress were at significant risk of sleep disturbances. Sleep disparities between immigrants and non-immigrants may be influenced by emotional distress. Migration health care should address emotional distress, a more proximal and modifiable factor, as a possible cause of insomnia symptoms in immigrants.

Keywords: German; Italian; Portuguese; trouble falling asleep; early morning awakening; restless sleep

Tags: Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sleep disorders, Emotional disturbances